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991.
The school bus routing problem: A review 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the school bus routing problem (SBRP). SBRP seeks to plan an efficient schedule for a fleet of school buses where each bus picks up students from various bus stops and delivers them to their designated schools while satisfying various constraints such as the maximum capacity of a bus, the maximum riding time of a student in a bus, and the time window of a school. This class of problem consists of different sub-problems involving data preparation, bus stop selection, bus route generation, school bell time adjustment, and bus scheduling. In this paper, the various assumptions, constraints, and solution methods used in the literature on SBRP are summarized. A list of issues requiring further research is also presented. 相似文献
992.
Sehie Park 《Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications》2010,73(4):1028-1042
The partial KKM principle for an abstract convex space is an abstract form of the classical KKM theorem. A KKM space is an abstract convex space satisfying the partial KKM principle and its “open” version. In this paper, we clearly derive a sequence of a dozen statements which characterize the KKM spaces and equivalent formulations of the partial KKM principle. As their applications, we add more than a dozen statements including generalized formulations of von Neumann minimax theorem, von Neumann intersection lemma, the Nash equilibrium theorem, and the Fan type minimax inequalities for any KKM spaces. Consequently, this paper unifies and enlarges previously known several proper examples of such statements for particular types of KKM spaces. 相似文献
993.
Highly [1 1 1]-oriented rhombohedral hetero-structure epitaxy of cubic SiGe semiconductor on trigonal c-plane sapphire was achieved and characterized with two new advanced X-ray diffraction methods to control the formation of primary-twin crystals. The formation of twin crystals on (1 1 1) plane was controlled with growth parameters such that the volume percentage of primary-twin crystal was reduced from 40% to 0.3% compared to the majority single crystal. The control of stacking faults can yield single-crystalline semiconductors without defects or improved thermoelectric materials with twinned crystals for phonon scattering while maintaining electrical integrity. In this study, about 94% of all epitaxial layers were fabricated in a single-crystalline phase. We propose the temperature-dependent alignment model of energetically favored majority single-crystalline SiGe layer on c-plane sapphire. This study shows that nearly single-crystalline cubic semiconductors can be grown in the [1 1 1] orientation on the basal (0 0 0 1) planes of selected trigonal crystal substrates. 相似文献
994.
Yong Seob Park 《Journal of Non》2008,354(33):3980-3983
a-C:H films were prepared by closed-field unbalanced magnetron (CFUBM) sputtering on silicon substrates using argon (Ar) and acetylene (C2H2) gases, and the effects of post-annealing temperature on structural and mechanical properties were investigated. Films were annealed at temperatures ranging from 300 °C to 700 °C in increments of 200 °C using rapid thermal annealing equipment in vacuum ambient. Variations in microstructure were examined using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Surface and mechanical properties were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), nano-indentation, residual stress tester, and nano-scratch tester. We found that the mechanical properties of a-C:H films deteriorated with increased annealing temperature. 相似文献
995.
Tae-Hwan Jung Soon-Il Kwon Jae-Hwan Park Dong-Gun Lim Young-Jin Choi Jae-Gwan Park 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2008,91(4):707-710
By using a thermal chemical vapor deposition and Au-catalyzed in situ alignment and growth process, SnO2 nanowires could be bridged across trenched electrodes. In this process, a complicated and individual alignment process could
be avoided and a number of devices can be fabricated in one step in a wafer scale. The gas-sensing characteristics of the
developed sensor were significantly better when compared to those of other types of NO2 sensors reported in the literature. When the concentration of NO2 was 5 ppm, the sensitivity was higher than 150. Especially, the reaction time of 8–14 s was noticeably fast, which is attributed
to the microtrench structure beneath the nanowires.
PACS 61.46.Fg; 85.35.Kt; 81.15.Gh 相似文献
996.
Duong Sang Phu Chang Hyun Lee Chi Hoon Park So Young Lee Young Moo Lee 《Macromolecular rapid communications》2009,30(1):64-68
With a view towards direct methanol fuel cell applications, novel sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfide sulfone nitrile) (sPPSSfN) has been prepared and subsequently crosslinked by a Friedel‐Craft reaction using 4,4′‐oxybis(benzoic acid) as a crosslinker to achieve lower water swelling and lower methanol permeability. The dimensional change of SPPSSfN40 is 43.7% in 90 °C liquid water but that of the crosslinked membrane, XsPPSSfN40, is 23.3% while maintaining proton conductivity at 0.22 S · cm−1. These results show that the Friedel‐Craft crosslinking of the novel sPPSSfN membrane effectively reduces water uptake and the degree of swelling while improving the dimensional stability and maintaining high proton conductivity.
997.
Yong Chae Jung Hiroyuki Muramatsu Ki Chul Park Daisuke Shimamoto Jin Hee Kim Takuya Hayashi Sung Moo Song Yoong Ahm Kim Morinobu Endo Mildred S. Dresselhaus 《Macromolecular rapid communications》2009,30(24):2084-2088
It is demonstrated that an optically transparent and electrically conductive polyethylene oxide (PEO) film is fabricated by the introduction of individualized single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The incorporated SWNTs in the PEO film sustain their intrinsic electronic and optical properties and, in addition, the intrinsic properties of the polymer matrix are retained. The individualized SWNTs with smaller diameter provide high transmittance as well as good electrical conductivity in PEO films.
998.
This paper is concerned with the rate of convergence in the normal approximation of the sequence , where each is a functional of an infinite-dimensional Gaussian field. We develop new and powerful techniques for computing the exact rate of convergence in distribution with respect to the Kolmogorov distance. As a tool for our works, the Edgeworth expansion of general orders, with an explicitly expressed remainder, will be obtained, and this remainder term will be controlled to find upper and lower bounds of the Kolmogorov distance in the case of an arbitrary sequence . As applications, we provide the optimal fourth moment theorem of the sequence in the case when is a sequence of random variables living in a fixed Wiener chaos or a finite sum of Wiener chaoses. In the former case, our results show that the conditions given in this paper seem more natural and minimal than ones appeared in the previous works. 相似文献
999.
Gangyong Lee Jae Keol Park S. Tariq Rizvi Cosmin S. Roman 《Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra》2018,222(9):2427-2455
Let V be a module with . V is called a quasi-Baer module if for each ideal J of S, for some . On the other hand, V is called a Rickart module if for each , for some . For a module N, the quasi-Baer module hull (resp., the Rickart module hull ) of N, if it exists, is the smallest quasi-Baer (resp., Rickart) overmodule, in a fixed injective hull of N. In this paper, we initiate the study of quasi-Baer and Rickart module hulls. When a ring R is semiprime and ideal intrinsic over its center, it is shown that every finitely generated projective R-module has a quasi-Baer hull. Let R be a Dedekind domain with F its field of fractions and let be any set of R-submodules of . For an R-module with , we show that has a quasi-Baer module hull if and only if is semisimple. This quasi-Baer hull is explicitly described. An example such that has no Rickart module hull is constructed. If N is a module over a Dedekind domain for which is projective and , where is the torsion submodule of N, we show that the quasi-Baer hull of N exists if and only if is semisimple. We prove that the Rickart module hull also exists for such modules N. Furthermore, we provide explicit constructions of and and show that in this situation these two hulls coincide. Among applications, it is shown that if N is a finitely generated module over a Dedekind domain, then N is quasi-Baer if and only if N is Rickart if and only if N is Baer if and only if N is semisimple or torsion-free. For a direct sum of finitely generated modules, where R is a Dedekind domain, we show that N is quasi-Baer if and only if N is Rickart if and only if N is semisimple or torsion-free. Examples exhibiting differences between the notions of a Baer hull, a quasi-Baer hull, and a Rickart hull of a module are presented. Various explicit examples illustrating our results are constructed. 相似文献
1000.
A strip-shield improves the efficiency of a solenoid coil in probes for high-field solid-state NMR of lossy biological samples 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Chin H. Wu Christopher V. Grant Gabriel A. Cook Sang Ho Park Stanley J. Opella 《Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)》2009,200(1):74-80
A strip-shield inserted between a high inductance double-tuned solenoid coil and the glass tube containing the sample improves the efficiency of probes used for high-field solid-state NMR experiments on lossy aqueous samples of proteins and other biopolymers. A strip-shield is a coil liner consisting of thin copper strips layered on a PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) insulator. With lossy samples, the shift in tuning frequency is smaller, the reduction in Q, and RF-induced heating are all significantly reduced when the strip-shield is present. The performance of 800 MHz 1H/15N and 1H/13C double-resonance probes is demonstrated on aqueous samples of membrane proteins in phospholipid bilayers. 相似文献